Functions of packaging Essay Example for Free

Functions of packaging EssayThe functions of packaging range from safety, information to its aesthetic aspects. Bill Stewart, (1996) has defined basic functions of packaging as follows convergence packaging must contain the product, protect the product from degradation, and identify its contents. Stanley Sacharow, (1982) state that although new dimensions of packaging are universe investigated notwithstanding until about 1900, a software program had to perform only two functions (1) To ensure safe delivery of the product to the consumer, and (2) To protect the product and ensure its ledge life.Apart from its functional attributes several researchers have explored the distinct spots of packaging and its growing splendour is demanding to investigate its potential power in greater detail. (Thomas Hine, 1995) suggests Packaging as a tool for simplifying and speeding consumer buying decisions as packages promise, and usually deliver predictability. (Herbert M. Meyers and Murra y J. Lubliner, 1998) sustain packaging functions that contribute to product differentiation, brand identification, hailing presentation, information, and enhancement. A package must literally shout attention to the product (James Pilditch, 1973).Forming an overall psycheality of the product is an integrated function stated by (Herbert Meyers and Richard Gerstman, 2005). .. Offered maven modelling of the richness of package likeness. When 40 consumers were shown the same yogurt product in both an attractive blue cup and in an unattractive brown cup, only angiotensin converting enzyme consumer said the yogurt in the brown cup was superior to the same product in the blue cup. Those selecting the blue cup preferred it because it was sweeter, softer, definitely the best, Caron inform (Orloski, 1999) Packaging is no doubt an integral part of the offering of any organization to its consumers and stakeholders.It has to perform basic functions relevant to its attributes like size, C olour, graphics and shape. Various product strategies, designing and technologies piece of tail be used to achieve competitive advantage out of it. I. i. a. Components of Packaging Packaging is important component of the product lineage world. at that place are various pointors which are important era making packaging decisions. With regard to main components of packaging, many different points of view have been expressed (Sonsino, 1990 Vidales Giovannetti, 1995 Hine, 1995 underbrush et al. , 2001 Cervera Fantoni, 2003).Generally speaking, a distinction is made between two blocks of components (1) Graphic Components Colour, Typography, Shapes/ Pictures (2) Structural Components Shape, Size, Material (Olga Ampuero and Natalia Vila, 2006) In an article appeared in The Birmingham Post. (2005) have following lines which express the importance of packaging in the promotion and communication part of the art as well. The bottle blends vintage and modern elements, while the packagin g uses Williamsons signature Colour combinations of delicious pink and purple. In other newspaper a product in childrens category has been mentioned. Here packaging is also mentioned as one of the importantly features of the product offering. It is made with the gentlest ingredients for childrens sensitive skin, and has a delicate aroma of chamomile tea and baby powder. Included in the range is a shampoo and shower gel at pounds 15, body lotion pounds 17. 50, set of animal shaped soaps pounds 14, and a fragrance without alcohol pounds 25. The packaging is cute, decorated with drawings of animals. (Sunday Mirror 1997) I. i. b. Multi-Faceted balance of PackagingRole of packaging is multifaceted. It functions to protect the product. It provides information like manufacturing date, expiry date, cautions and many others depending on the product. It is important for the storage and inventory management. Packaging plays a multi-functional role in the food marketing of different products . Packaging not only protects the content of the product during physical distribution and storage in supply chain but also pompousnesss the product on the shelf in order to grab customer attention to shuffle a choice among many competing products. Hence, packaging in the first place plays a role of a silent salesman.(Sara, 1990). Designs of packaging have become one of the most important aspects of the product and it has been challenge for designers to develop packaging which can have all the attributes required. Numbers of products are sold in outlets where egotism service is practiced. According to Sonsino (1990) who has studied the buying doings and pattern within self service retail outlets, Self-service has transferred the role of informing the customer from the sales assistant to advertising and to packaging. In an average supermarket the typical shopper passes about 300 items per minute. So it is quite obvious that a customer would be willing to pay little more for the c onvenience and prestige of better package. Therefore, packaging provides manufacturers with the last chance to persuade possible buyers before brand selection (McDaniel and Baker, 1977). This becomes even more important as nine out of ten purchasers, at least from time to time buy on impulse (Welles, 1986). Sara (1990 p. 30) argues that it is consumers subjective perspective that counts in his or her purchasing decision, not the products objective reality, and this in fact superiorlights the importance of packaging in the marketing mix.Consumers assess all the benefits of a product or supplier before making the final choice. The fact is that 95% of all retail purchased are made at prices higher than lowest possible. (Bo Rundh, 2005) The point of purchase and impulsive shopping increases with good packaging strategies. immenseness of packaging in the product mix can not be ignored for various reasons from the basic needs it fulfils safety and security of the product to the appeal and presentation of it. Greenman (2003) explains his expectations about buying behaviour.it was my hope that their chosen treats would not only be to their liking, but would also have the creative packaging, Colours, patterns, shapes and attractive font that would make an cheering composition. There is a need to understand consumer attitude and behaviour towards the packaging on special occasions will be investigated in greater detail. Understanding of the factors influencing consumers during special occasions will help marketer to serve target market effectively. I. ii. Cultural Implication on PackagingThe increasing internationalization and globalization of business has forced many firms to reconsider different aspects of packaging that contributes to their competitive advantage. For some companies the package can make the difference example a superior design of a bottle like the export success of absolute Vodka (cap, seal, text and form of the bottle), which has become the sec ond largest brand in the Vodka market (Bo Rundh, 2005, p. 670). An innovative packaging can even change product perception and create a new market position.Pringles potato chips are such an example whose innovative packaging differs from most competitive packages. I. ii. a. Culture Culture has been defined and described differently by various researchers, anthropologists and sociologists. The findings related to various husbandrys have been inputs for the business and economics sector in order to serve the mass with the products and services of their choices. Any business organization before investing or starting its business operations to any particular area within its country or other nations studies the socio-cultural background of that area.There is various definition of culture. Some of the definitions are discussed on a lower floor Culture has been defined as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another by Hofstede G. H. (1980), whereas Van Maanen J. and Schein E. H. (1979) defined culture as values, beliefs and expectations that members come to share. According to Kroeber A. L. and Kluckhohn C. (1952) culture is defined as transmitted patterns of values, ideas and other symbolic systems that shape behaviour, while Hall E. T. and Hall M. R.(1987) defines culture as a primary system for creating, sending, storing and processing information. (Lisa Hoecklin, 1995, p. 28) In researchers view, there is a commonality reflecting in the views of all these different authors that- culture is a set of values, beliefs, customs, behaviours and expectations which is shared by members of a society and is passed on from generation to generation. Values and beliefs of an undivided develops through his family background, social set ups and his own level of understandings. Individual follows customs and rituals which have passed to him from generations to generations.His behaviour is a result of the combination of his personality, customs, believes and value systems. There are certain levels of expectations from each and every individual in the society. These expectations can be personal to the individual or family or societys expectations to him. The result of the collective behaviour of people comes in the form of culture. Culture is something where the past of the society have impress on its present. As rightly stated Culture can neither be separated from individual and nor from the historical context.Its importance to society is equivalent to the importance of memory to an individual. As said by (Grunert, S. C. ) language, time and place help define culture. (Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 26) I. ii. b. Hofstedes Five Dimensions of Culture A Dutch cultural anthropologist, Geert Hofstede has unquestionable a model of five dimensions of national culture that helps to understand basic value differences. Figure II. 2 HOFSTEDES FIVE DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE position Power within a society plays vital role in its culture. different culture has different frameworks for power and it has different implications as well.As described in Mooij and Marieke K. de (2004, p. 33) Power distance can be defined as the extent to which less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Different countries can be divided by the power distance it has within its society. The high power society countries have centralized and top-down control while in the countries with low power societies are more independent and equal distribution of powers. For example Japan can be described as high power distance cultures. Japanese people accept and give authority.Various factors constitute power within the society form the age of a person specific to the status and ownership. Within a family there are strong dependency relationships between parents and children. In the organizations bosses and subordinates show the distinct relationship due to the power. In t he educational institute, professors and students share different relationship. Japanese people are least likely to change their job due to values they have developed and culture it has. On the other hand western countries have low power distance cultures. For instance Denmark people stress on equality of rights and opportunity.Within a family parents support their children to be independent at a young age. Dependency within the members of the culture is least. Self Approach of people can be different from each other from culture to culture. Within a society when majority of people are self conscious and think about their own interest first it is called individualism. People want to differentiate themselves from each other in such societies. They have private opinion about all the issues and problems and for them self realisation becomes an integral part of their life. In such cultures people are I conscious.Individual decisions are higher valued than group decisions. Most of the western countries display individualism culture where people are universalistic, share more explicit views and open communication and think about themselves first. On the other hand Asiatic and Latin American countries cultures show altogether different culture. This culture is known as collectivism. People are we conscious and think about their society or social network for each of their decisions. People have harmony among them and their cultural identity depends on the social network they belong.

Walter Benjamin’s account of social class and photography Essay Example for Free

Walter Benjamins account of social class and photography EssayWalter Bendix Schonflies Benjamin was born in July 15, 1892 in Berlin, German. He was many things rolled in one sociologist, essayist, philosopher, translator, literary critic. Occasionally, he was associated with critical theory school of Frankfurt, as he wrote extensively on cultural and sociological thoughts and contributed greatly to the Western Marxism and esthetical theory. He translated Marcel Proust and Charles Baudelaire, the coiner of Modernism. He himself came up with the term auratic perception in the aesthetic field in which civilization was to recover myth appreciation (Mali 1999, p. 170).Benjamin came from in a rich business family. His parents were Emil Benjamin, a banker and later a dealer in antiques, and Pauline Schonflies, his sibling being Georg and Dora. He later married Dora S. Pollak who bore him a son called Stefan Rafael. He killed himself through an overdose of morphine in Portbou a French- Spanish border town in 1940. He was escaping from Nazis, who had invaded France. The discussion below will concentrate on Benjamin account of social class and narration of photography. Social classBeing one of romantic/socialist Jewish-German writers, Walter Benjamin developed a radical anti-protestant and anti- capitalist economy argument, which was chiefly instigated through the leans of Max weber (Lowy, 2010). In his attempt to describe the system of capitalism, Walter Benjamin proclaims that capitalism was a form of an evil and cruel theology. To him there embodys a connection between work ethic of Protestant hard work, ploughing back of profit to business and frugal life, all of which are the characteristics of bourgeois, and capitalism.Winning more and more money, accumulating wealth and in the process of doing so, one should let go of all pleasures of life are the basic tenets of capitalism. To capitalists, a person is conditioned to continue acquiring wealth non for the sake of gratifying his needs and wants, rather as organized way of living. To Benjamin, bourgeois pay little attention or no attention at all, to the struggle of proletariats. Capitalism begs that the human happiness and lifes need are something meaningless and irrational which according to Benjamin it is a complete switch of the common order of life.Capitalism brought about the order of people living for their work instead of working for their life. He borrows the phrase Capitalism as religion from Ernst Bloch and Max Webers work and Benjamin continue to show the apparitional aspects of capitalism, and it is non controlled by religion, but capitalism is in itself a religious phenomena, for it has taken the world like a bush fire, no one is save from its tentacles. His arguments goes on to highlight how at the Reformation time, Christianity opposed capitalism establishment, but how later Christianity let itself into capitalism (Weber 2002, p. 17).One of characteristic of capital ism as a religion is just like a cult capitalism does non have a specific theology or dogma but utilitarianism-which wins the day. Such capitalism utilitarian practices speculations, capital investment, manipulation of stock-exchange, financial operations, acquire and selling goods and services all these aspects take the shape of a religious cult. In capitalism, there is no requirement of a theology, a creed or a doctrine acceptance, rather action counts, which by extension, through social dynamics, take cult practices form.In capitalism, just like in religion, there exist adoration objects which come in form of money. People adore saints in ordinary religions, just as they adore money in capitalism. Benjamin does non stop at that, but goes all the way in comparing paper-notes with Hells door architecture manifesting seriousness as capitalisms Holy Spirit. According to him, the worlds religion state is despair, under capitalism. The other characteristic of capitalism, just like t he permanence nature of a cult, capitalism is conducted year in year out.Capitalism permeates all the life conduct setting on vocation calling of systematic, restless and continuous work. Most if not all of Catholic holi age have been suppressed by Puritan capitalists who see them as some type of idleness. Capitalist religion permanently deploy inviolate pomp every day of Finance or Stock-Exchange, adorers following with extreme tension and anguish, the fall or rise of the value of shares. Capitalist practices know not of stoppage, it take over the control of a person, twenty fours hours a day, seven days a week and three hundred sixty five days a year.

From Cinematic Space To Mental Space

From Cinematic Space To Mental SpaceSpace is an the unlimited three dimensional expanse in which altogether objects exist or it is the interval of distance and time betwixt two spots, objects or events.1The concept of the term berth evolved with time. ab initio this term strictly had a geometrical meaning evoking the idea of an exculpate billet which is Euclidean, isotropic, or infinite, basically a mathematical concept.2Physical situation is rattling much conceived in three linear dimensions, although in advance(p) physicist usually consider it with time to be a part of the boundless four dimensional continuum known asSpace-time.3 check to the Wikipedia information, the concept of lay has been discussed through with(predicate)out history. Plato has discussed about this concept of topographic point in one of his treatise Timaeus, where he reflects on what the Greek called Chora/ Khora (that is space).Aristotle has dealt with space in password IV, Delta, in the definiti on of topos which means commit.In a discourse on place (Qawl fi al makan) by the eleventh century Arab Polymath Ibn al _Heythum (Alhazan) discusses geometrical conceptions of place as space qua extension.Aristotelian tradition had held that space and time were those categories which facilitated the naming and the classing of the evidence of the senses. On the other submit, the thinker, Descartes was fool awayn to be important in moldable the concept of space and the key to its matured form. According to most historians of the western sandwich melodic themes, he has brought an end to the Aristotelian tradition.As the Cartesian system of logic evolved, space was considered to be absolute. It became dominant containing both the dependant and the object.Science and mathematics has defined this concept of space in their own way respectively and later even the philosophers. rough scholars has studied and analyzed the relationship of time and space.The metaphysicist Immanuel Kant d efined space and time as elements of systematic inditework that humans subprogram to structure their hump.In his brush up of Pure Reason, he said that space is a subjective pure a priori form of intuition. Therefore its existence depends on the human faculties.4The Kantian space has revived and revised the old notion of space. Here space is relative, a tool of knowledge, and a means of classifying phenomenon, separated from the empirical sphere. It has a transcendental and ungraspable structure.5According to Henri Lefebvre, the mathematicians, quite contrary to philosophy, has identified space as Non-Euclidean spaces, curved spaces, x-dimensional spaces( even spaces with an infinity of dimensions), spaces of configuration, abstract spaces , spaces defined by deformations or transformation, by the topology and so on.6Though the mathematicians has defined and constructed the term spaces, classifying in various ways and measured them, what philosophy did as Leonardo da Vinci had sa id, is that it attended in the formation of the mental thing that is the mental space.According to Isaac Newton space exists strong-mindedly and permanently even without the presence of any object in it and thitherfore it is absolute.On the other hand naturalist philosophers thought that space was a collection of relations between objects stipulation by their distance and direction from one another. The 18th century philosopher and theologist George Berkely attempted to refute the visibility of spatial depth in his essay Towards a new theory of vision.Initially time and space was viewed as independent dimensions. Einsteins disc all overies showed that due to relativity of motion, our space and time can be mathematically combine into one object space-time. One can freely move in space scarce not time.In the middle of the 19th century, psychology first began to study the way space is perceived.Psychologists analyzed the perception of space and were have-to doe with about how the recognition of an objects physical appearance or its interactions is perceived. The philosophy of space and time be inspirations to and central aspect of early analytic philosophy. There are questions associate to whether time and space exist independently of the mind and each other.From the theory of logic, space has transcended to nature, practice and theories of affable life which unfolds in space.7The modern vault of heaven of enquiry has the notion that space has acquired the view of mental thing or mental space. This concept of mental space has no commonization and even no clear account.We hear of different spaces the likes of literary space, ideological spaces, the space of the dream, psychoanalytic topologies etc.Michel Foucault said that knowledge (savoir) is as well the space in which the subject may take up a position and speak of the object with which he deals with in his discourse.8But he neither explained the spaces nor defined their distinctions. The lingu ist Naom Chomsky has repayn the idea that a mental space has legitimate specific properties with orientations and symmetries but completely ignores the gap between linguistic mental space and social space.Lefebvre believed that the modern thinkers had fetishized the philosophico-epistemological notion of space and that the mental realm envelopes the social and physical ones. The quasi-logical presupposition of an identity between mental space (the space of the philosopher and epistemologists) and the real space make believes a disjuncture between the mental sphere on one side and the physical and social spheres on the other.He said that there cannot be a glacial knowledge of space and without it we transfer to a level of discourse-the level of mental space a large portion of the attributes and properties of what is actually social space. Between the sixteenth part and nineteenth century, he said that space was not only read but there existed a code which is architectural, urba nistic and political, with a specific speech which is universal to all strata of people.He said that anything like leisure, work, play, transportation etc., can be spoken of in the spatial terms in an artists or writers world. Therefore there is an indefinite multitude of space around us.He questions whether space can be nothing more than the passive locus of social relations. In general he talks about three kinds of spaces1. The physical space nature, the cosmos.2. The mental space with its logical and formal abstractions.3. The social space.What he is touch with is the logico-epistemological space, the space of social practice, the space occupied by sensory phenomenon, including yields of imagination such as projects and projections, symbols and utopias.9There are real specializations of space. When we think of a space, we are immediately concerned with what occupies the space and how it does so along with the energy present within the space. Without energy, the physical spa ce has no reality.This space is always associated with time. space considered in isolation is an empty abstraction.10According to Fred Hoyles theory, space is a product of energy. Henri says that multiplicity of particular spaces, yet diverse are moro take hold ofred by this universe.Apart from the concept of physical space, mental space and social space, he dealt with the minute elements in space like ideal space related to mental space and real space associated with social space These two spaces are in a way related to each other. He said that philosophy has played an important role in the information of the abstract (metaphysical) representations of space, where the Cartesian notion of space became significant due to its homogeneous, isotropic point of reference which attentioned it to become absolute and infinite and divine.But space is even beyond this. Plato talks about the cosmic space, where the space of the city is a reflection of the Cosmos.Literature too reveals diffe rent spaces to us. But the problem is that the space here is enclosed, described, projected, dreamt off and speculated about.When we talk of a particular space, we distinguish it and not isolate it. Various kinds of space comes together to produce a space. In relation of language, Henri questions whether a language follows or accompanies a social space. Many people have explored space in different ways. In his work, George Bastille has played with the space on inner bang on one hand and the space of physical nature on the other and social space.Through Hegelian viewpoint, space is considered to be a product and residue of historical time. Though Hegel had the idea of a concrete universe.Social space is a social product and when produced serves as a tool for thought and action. As said by many thinkers, it is difficult to distinguish social space as distinct from mental space and even physical space. either society produces a space of its own. The Asiatic mode of production of space is different from the Western mode. There are multitudes of intersection in space. The way certain spaces are represented by the society, lead to the representations of space.Representational spaces on the other hand deals with spaces associated with its range of mountainss and symbols. These spaces represent something of their own. It overlay the physical space, making symbolic use of its objects. flat though they are abstract, the representations of space, has a role in social and political practice. They have a role to play in the established relations between objects and people, following certain rules. This is not the case of representational spaces. It is filled with symbolic and imaginary elements. According to Henri Lefebvre, a psychoanalyst or anthropologists are students of representational spaces. puerility memories, dreams are all part of this representational space.The gap between representations of space and representational spaces is culture. Therefore what can be c oncluded is that the producers of space are related to the representations of space while the users of a space are related to their representational space.Here I conclude that space with its original and represented identity occupies a part of our physical and mental self and even helps in the identification of these self.Each physical space creates a mental space, a space with certain intimate values.A house can be employ for the phenomenological study of the intimate values of space.11All inhabited space bears the essence of the notion of home. Thoughts and experience is not the only thing that sanctions human values. We will deal more with this later in the thesis.After dealing with the basic idea of space with the help of the views and ideas of Henri Lefebvre, I want to connect this idea of the concept of space in dealing with the pictic space.Cinematic space is the represented space, selected, manipulated and projected as a finite field of vision.12As Henri Lefebvre has said that it depends on the producers of space. This space is what we see on the shield. This shield space is marked by a shut in which acts like the borders in a painting. It is geometric and represents the space that we see on the screen. In this way it divides the screen space into onscreen and off-screen spaces. The digit acts as a window connecting u to the subscribe space and on the other hand separating the space we inhabit from the take aim space.13We the spectators look through the frame.According to Gilles Deleuse, the cinematic frame is a comparatively closed systemWhich includes ever soything which is present in the image- roofys characters and prop up framing14.The frame acts as a system providing us with all the information regarding the image and all these information acts like a data which are known as the elements in the frame.Therefore the frame is inseparable from two tendencies towards saturation or towards rarefaction.15This image that the frame provides is not just to be seen, it is a message, and it gives us certain information, which are produced by the elements present in the frame (these elements are also some information. This is how the space produces its own language. He said that the frame is a spatial composition of parallels and diagonals, helping to form equilibrium.the frame is conceived as a dynamic construction in act, which is closely linked to the scene, the image, the characters and the objects which fill it.16The frame cannot be separated from its rigid geometrical boundaries. It has certain limitations. Like many Western painters this has been explored by many film makers like Griffith, Eisenstein. Deleuze said that dismount too is a subject of geometrical optic, when it is divided into two parts forming dim and shadow.17They help in the making of this space.The presence of objects inside the frame creates secondary and tertiary frames like for example the house, entrys, windows, mirror and even a fence. Therefor e a frame is never improve.A gradual progression takes place which is physical and affects the viewers psychologically. Each object inside the frame has something to say, something to express and thus have a meaning. Here geometrical divisions in the frame becomes insignificant.The framing angle is also an important characteristic of the frame. Deleuze said the frame is related to an angle of framing. This is because the closed set is itself an optical system which refers to a point of view on the set of parts. Of course the point of view can be or appear to be bizarre or paradoxical the cinema shows extraordinary points of view at ground level or from high or low, from low to high, etc. but they seem to be subject to a pragmatic rule which is not just valid for the narrative cinema to avoid falling into an empty aestheticism they mustiness be explained ,they must be revealed as normal and regular either from the point of view of a more comprehensive set which includes the fi rst, or from the point of view of an initially unseen, not given element of the first set. give an example ifIt is here that the frame becomes an optical system, logically justified. But this justification does not always work. In the conclusion of his essay, Deleuze says that the frame finally determines an out-of-field, in the outline of a larger set which extends it or in the figure of the whole into which it is incorporated.18In the book Republic, Plato talks about two modes of representation which are distinct and opposed to each other. These two modes are mimesis (imitation) and diegesis (narration). Theatre is related to imitation which shows us something whereas novel tells us a story. Cinema on the other hand incorporates both these characteristics.19In its early years, cinema followed the theatrical mode of representation. Here the frame is tableaux form, static and faces the audience. Therefore the cinema much influenced by the theatrical stage. The camera is static. The character enters the stage, performs and walks out. The camera does not follow the trend of the characters. Hence just fixed in the centre.Traditional theatrical space is an architectural product, where beyond the proscenium it does not exist for the viewers. Classical narrative cinema has transformed this space into an illusorily uninterrupted cinematic space. The cinematic film space is a figurative construction, resulting from medium specific techniques such as framing, camera movement and editing.20This space is linked to the codes of metempsychosis perspective, where the property of centering addresses to the subject whose position the space determines.Classical Hollywood cinema gave lot of importance to the use of space. This graphic space of the image, that we see on-screen acts as the vehicle for the narrative development.21These films created an illusion of reality where the screen became just a transparent object and the frame became invisible. A powerful three dimensio nal space is represented through the use of lens, visible visible light, camera movement and angles and other techniques. The space became as important as the narrative structure.So, what is the basic function of the frame?The frame shows us the image and creates an illusion of reality. We already know that the Classical Hollywood films were highly inspired by ocular art and as art has evolved, cinema has also evolved gradually taking inspiration from it. Film studio developed, taking inspiration from the workroom of artists and painters. There is a lot of similarity between classical Hollywood cinema and classical novels. Their style is influenced by the post Renaissance painting. Along with centering, the main aspect of this style is balancing, frontality and depth.Here, in the composition of the image, the subject or the character is always in the centre, with all the attentions, in focus. With the coming of the Renaissance period, human thoughts became anthropocentric. It is no more centered on the religion, god. The importance of man as an soul identity instead turned out to be the thought of the period. There was a highlight on the facial expressions and the human body became the centre of regard other than the narrative.Like in the paintings, a balance is always maintained in the visual composition of the film. The characters are evenly distributed in the film space. two these technique helps in the progress of the narration. The use of frontality is an influence of the Greek and Roman theatre. Through this technique the narrative action is addressed to the viewers. The depth is established through the use of lighting mainly 3 point lighting (the key, fill back lighting and etc.) and costumes. Sometimes the set is painted in different coloring material to create the various depths.I think the use of sound to produce an illusion of depth came much later. By the establishment of depth, the film s tries to picture a perspective which is more or les s linear, influenced by the ancient Greek Perspective, where the vision is organized around the static monocular observer, and in his vision all the parallel lines recede in the vanishing point. In this way, a personalized space is achieved, trying to conceal the flatness of the film space. The emergence of this classical narrative logic gives rise to cinematic subjectivity and the isolation of the spectator.22Classical Hollywood cinema places the spectator in an ideal position of intelligibility.23A film uses onscreen and off screen space to produce the diegetic world. Cinematic off screen space is different from the theatrical off stage space. The off screen film space has a pro filmic reference. The early films of Lumiere a Melies, had camera pointed at the action and remained static for the duration of the action. The early films acknowledged the space outside the frame, for example the workers leaving the Lumiere mill 1895, showed the people moving through the frame and off th e edge.The most important element of the film frame is mise-en-scene, a theatrical term. Both are depended on each other. It means everything which is put into the scene, or what we find in the film space. The frame along with the set design, camera and character movement, lighting and even sound, everything combined together form the mise-en-scene. And this mise-en-scene helps in the formation of the composition.Mise-en-scene can be defined as the articulation of the cinematic space, and it is only concerned about the space.24On the film set it creates an illusion of the reality or fantasy. The setting of the film is an important aspect of the mise-e-scene. It includes the bods, designs and color of the film set. Colour also helps in the development of the narrative. It is utilize as a symbol. A set can be artificially constructed for an indoor shot or manipulated in the outdoor shot. Apart from the design and chroma, props play an important role, in the development of the narra tive. In the absence of the actors, they even tell a story and which are not possible in a theatre. They express certain mood, and say what is unsaid by the film narrative.the elements of the setting turns into motifs25Along with the props and costumes, the make up of the actors also furnishes the setting of the narrative.The props and costumes are also apply for the film publicity, and they even help to turn certain characters into cult figures.Lighting is another aspect of the mise-en-scene, other than creating the illusion of reality, artificially producing light for an indoor shoot or day for night shoot, light along with colour and sometimes the prop creates the mood of his film. In the shot composition light and shadow works together. It helps in the development of the film space, sometimes maintaining continuity when camera movement takes place within a space. And at other times, different lighting helps to distinguish various spaces used in the film. I must say here that al ong with lighting sound also plays the same role. Light, colour and sound combined or individually can create suspense, horror, happiness and even loneliness. Light creates texture.Four major features of film lighting can be obscure are its quality, direction source and colour.Light quality depending on its intensity creates a sharp or a soft image by diffusion. With the use of hard light the shadow becomes bold creating definite contours. Light along with the lens and camera angle can be used to manipulate the fake of an object to enhance a mood.the proper use of light can embellish and dramatize every object-Josef von Sternberg.As earlier film makers used the frontality of the characters to highlight their presence, to give them a central position, similarly light is used to keep certain character at the centre of attention. This technique is also used in theatre.The direction of light in the film space, creates the presence of an off screen space. This idea also developed from the influence of paintings from the Renaissance period.Every light has a point where it is brightest and a point towards which it wanders to lose itself completely.The journey of rays from that central core to the outposts of blackness is the adventure and drama of light. 26Depending on the narrative, the film space is in general lit up by top lighting, backlighting, side lighting, and frontal lighting and under lighting.Backlighting creates a dreamy fantasy image similarly under lighting is used to create a horror image.Different sources of light works together in the cinematic space to create the mental space of the spectators. broadly speaking during a shoot three point lighting is used with key light (primary), fill light (secondary, softens the shadow) and backlight which highlights the character and separates it from the background thus creating depth. We have already discussed earlier how this method of lighting is use in Classical Hollywood cinema. Along with the direction, the source of the light on the film space creates an impact. For out door shoot during the day, we get the sun light, the sky light and the reflected light from the objects around. The lighting is natural and therefore the look is also natural. This light can be manipulated to give a bluish tone with the use of 85 filter and the light can be further controlled with the use of neutral density filters to avoid over or under exposure of the film. In the case of indoor shooting, it is obvious that artificial light is to be used even to give the reference of a natural source of light. Light is continuously measured and blended to create the cinematic space. Here I want to say that though the basic modestness for the use of lighting in a cinematic space is similar to theatrical space but the technique is different. This is because lighting in the theatrical space is more loud and dramatic whereas in the film space it is subtle.From all the information that I have acquired and the knowle dge that I have gained, I therefore say that light is a language through which we can also tell a story. Its use is dynamic and is very important in the cinematic space. Only through light, we can see the film space.Mise-en-scene helps the character to express feelings and thoughts. The movement of the actors, their action, everything gets enhanced by the presence of the mise-en scene. Even acting in the cinematic space is different from the theatre. Cinematic space creates an illusion, where the screen frame acts as the window but the actors never stairs at the window they do not stare back at the audience, unless and until it is required by the film narrative. So through the presence of the actors, the way they move, talk, behave provides the film with an illusory realistic space.When we take a shot, the space in front of the camera is two dimensional when we take the shot, it remains the same but when the film is projected, and we see it on the screen, we see a three dimensional space and this space is enhanced through certain aspects of the mise-en-scene like colour, balance, size and movement. In a static set the movement of certain objects draws the attention. Colour can enhance certain mood. We know that it is used as a symbol. It can refer to different time space or change of space. The balance in placing the figure is also important. It determines the attention of the viewers. Size work in relation to the movement, colour and balance. The size of the objects creates the illusion of depth, where the objects in the spotlight are generally larger in size and the objects in the background are small. The closer the object, it is more in focus. The depth creates a volume in the space. A different plane of the shot gets established due to the use of depth which creates the illusion of space.A film suggests volume by the use of movement, shape and shading.27Mise-en-scene can control not only what we look at also when we look at it.28It creates a sense of mov ement in time.Mise-en-scene helps to compose the film shot in space and time.Inside the film space, therefore it is the mise-en-scene which creates the cinematic space using both the onscreen and off-screen space and it is this cinematic space which creates the illusion of a real world or a fantasy world.The film narrative does not work with space alone but space and time. Time is ever changing and space also keeps evolving. Leaving aside, all the scientific reasons for the evolution of space, what I think that a space evolves with time only with the intervention of a man. It evolves in the imagination of the man. The cinematic space is an example of this space. Other than cinema this space can also be created through literature, music, dance, painting and even food.We select more of this cinematic space other than where we belong to, because it incorporates our likes and dislikes, keeping in mind that it is our own creation.In dealing with the space and time in a film, it is neces sary to study their unity within a shot and between two shots. It is not possible to visualize time on a screen without any action or movement in the space.Movement in reality is continuous but movement on the screen is discontinuous and is achieved very quickly by a series of still photographs.29In a film the dimensions of space and time cam be manipulated and this has become easier with the digital techniques. Slow or fast motion is used by changing the film speed. This manipulated space is artificial.From the early years of human civilization, paintings, sculptures have evolved as a language. A visual language, which can preserve itself. It creates its own memory. With the coming of industrialization and modernity, photography became more popular. Its basic function or utility is to freeze a moment, capture it and create a memory. Cinema moves a step ahead. It not only captures a specific a moment, but a period of time30It is som

The Vision Mission Values Management Essay

The Vision Mission set Management EssayFrom the very beginning surface-to-air missile Walton employ the strategy take over utilized by the corporation he founded a wide variety of down in the mouth priced goods, more availability by later hold on hours, buying goods in large quantities from the last-place priced wholesaler and passing on the savings to his customers. With low prices came large sales volume and that whollyowed him to purchase even cheaper goods from his suppliers. surface-to-air missile Walton had great distribution methods as well. He built his transshipment centers near distribution centers so that items could be delivered quickly, usu aloney at bottom 24 hours. surface-to-air missile Walton was more than frequent Low Prices and distribution that catapulted the alliance to the top. Show MoreShow LessWalmarts mission today is still, save money, live better this sums up their primary goal, and gives a clue as to who the target market could be. Walmarts inte ntion is to provide the lowest prices. Their customer base is the low income, and lower middle class that seek low prices. Walmart is found in almost all(prenominal) city in the United States, and more specifically in rural and suburban areas. Walmart uses alot of research to locate areas to circulate new stores, and even more to hunch what to depot them with.Its difficult to discuss, Vision, Mission and Values without understanding with clarity what the 3 stand for. Vision The difference that the trading concern wants to make. What will make it better than the rest of the other companies. Mission How do we plan on carrying this work out this is the way we plan to do things. Values This is the nitty gritty the walk to the talk.The Wal-Mart Vision statement states that The vision of the Global Ethics Office is to support ownership of Wal-Marts ethical culture to all stakeholders globally. Since the first store undecided 50 years ago, the store has worked toward making a differ ence in people lives. The Founder of the company, Sam Walton believed that the service his customers received was very important. Sam Walton shared his vision with his employees and made them accountable for the way his first stores were operated and later his other stores as well. Mr. Walton assigned greeters at the store entrances, and had them learn customers names. He take down prices, and was committed to his customers even when his competitors thought that was a sure way to fail.Walmarts Mission is to improve the life of the community they serve through opportunities in employment, volunteer opportunities of its employees, coin or grants, its mission is to improve and help the people of the communities they are in. Globally, Walmart and the Walmart Foundation gave more than $958 million in cash and in-kind contributions during fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2012.( Walmart Foundation). one-third basic Values guide Wal-Mart employees Respect for the Individual, is about valuing w orkplace diversity, everyone is a valued employee, and co-worker. Customers are greeted, and treated with respect. Sam Walton believed in creating an environment that is hold and inclusive of all personnel and customers and treating all people respectfully. In 2012 WalMart operates stores in 27 countries and under 69 different names. Service to Customers. Customer service comes before and aft(prenominal) a sale that includes prices that are affordable, and lower than competitors, and finally, Strive for Excellence excellence doesnt mean being perfect. Striving for Excellence does mean doing the best job in all that you do, and to do it over and over again, as many times as it takes to get it right.Organization Business Products and ServicesTraded on the New York downslope Exchange, Walmart is a corporation. The official name of the company is Wal-Mart instals, Inc. (http//www.walmart.com/catalog/catalog.) Wal-Mart sells everything Walmart Supercenters are warehouse size contour ings, with sizes varying from 98,000 to 261,000 square feet, with an average of about 197,000 square feet (Walmart Annual Report, 2012) These stores stock everything its a full-service supermarket with a meat dept., bakery, delicatessen, frozen foods, dairy products, produce, seafood and pharmacy electronics, automotive, houseware, cosmetics, toys, garden centers, one hour photo processing lab additionally some get hold of fuel pumps in the parking lot. Some Walmarts are equipped with automotive service departments, garden centers, optical center, portrait studio, and numerous alcove shops, such as cellular phone stores, hair and nail salons, local bank branches, and fast food outlets, in the El Paso stores it is Mc Donalds (Longo, 2007)Products, Services and Initiatives requiring HR support.When Sam Walton opened the door in 1962 to the first Walmart, it was operated under a 3 basic belief code respect for the individual, service to the customer and striving for excellence. Things toleratent changed much, the Walmart corporation still uses these vvalues and continues to improve on them always constructioning to improve the service to their customers and each other on a daily basis (http//careers.walmart.com/company-beliefs-and-values/).Walmarts open door policy, and open discourse is what is credited with the success that Walmart has experienced when dealing with its 2.2 million associates and customer needs (http//careers.walmart.com/hr-bene lives ) Walmart employees know they can openly discuss concerns with the management team.Wal-Mart Stores, with 2.2 million employees, exceed the first published list of the worlds 500 largest corporate employers (http//www.myglobalcareer.com/). The clement Resource department at Walmart uses the strategy of fitting the employee to the best suitable job to fit the associates cognitive ability, and interests. (Chuck Russell, 2003). Its very important that they hire the best suited person for the job as mistakes can cos t large sums of money According to Dr. capital of South Dakota Mornell, if you make a mistake in hiring, and recognize and fix the mistake within six months, the cost of replacing that employee is two and one-half times the persons annual salary. ( Mornell, 2003).Training and development doesnt stop when the associate is hired, it isnt a one time thing, it continues on during the career of the associate, its meant to improve and empower the employee during his service at Walmart. Employees are told the news report about the making of Walmart, and shows the roles and responsibilities of the employee, and those of support staff. After the initial orientation every department has its own training to strengthen the individual strengths, and chart career paths. all told these initiatives are aimed at making employees stay within the organization more favorable. This empowers the employees and gives them the incentive to remain within the company. (Sullivan and Zaino, 2005).Walmart of fers many training and development opportunities.It isnt unusual for a company to train an employee upon hiring, and nevr retrain, or continue to train an employee but that isnt the case at Walmart. Walmart considers training as part of their regular work environment, this company invests a lot of time in maintaing a ongoing training program for employees. The purpose of the continuous training is to assist associates in maintaining, and or obtaining the needed skills to gain for climbing the corporate ladder. Walmart standardiseds to hire from within the company, as they like people already educated in their corporate culture.Leaders Out in comportment is what Walmart calls the program that places the associate in charge of their own portfolio. This program also places the training in the first line of contact with the associates, the Assistant managers, Market manager, Store managers, and Co-managers, it is believed in the Walmart culture that associates having training with th e first line of contact they are continuously training, and strengthening their skills.In 2007, Walmart setoffed a program called Stores of Learning. In this program they use virtual classrooms to show chosen employees about the most effective methods of service delivery. Training and development isnt a only new employee training, its an ongoing event at Walmart. Its a very important part of an associates life ( move Development, 2010).Walmart uses skill assessments to determine, and improve their employee labor, and knowl raciness of their job skills. The company has instituted a program known as the touch on Investment model where supervisors evaluate employee competencies. This methods of employee assessment is particularly accurate owing to the fact that it allows the assessment of the evaluation process. This means that in case evaluation was through with(p) poorly, the company can detect it and makes their employees more prepared for future eventualities. (King, 2006)The co mpany vigorously trains the employees, this helps Walmart to know that the employee is well trained in his job function and knows all the components of his job. Part one of the process is called on boarding. Since the employee must know his job, and all job functions, this can also be called the information phase. The next step is called the underlying track phase. During this phase the employee is expected to know and understand the responsibilities associated within the scope of his job. Walmart hopes that this information helps the employee to better understand the function of his job and well as build a foundation from which to grow.The third phase of the program is called advanced track phase. In this area employees are taught how to plan their careers. For Walmart this is the portion of the training that guarantees that employees are aware, and intimate in all the steps needed to prepare them for them to get to become promotable, and, or transferable to different positions w ithin the company. Associates are urged to assess their own skills, and opportunities within Walmart,and to guage if they are tracking with the needed job criteria. The above program instructs employees on resume writing, interviewing skills, career planning, and being pro-active in seeking job opportunities within the company.Sam Walton liked to promote people within the Walmart family before seeking outside candidate, and today the alike(p) idea still functions within the Walmart culture, promote from within The training, visible(prenominal) through the Human Resource Department is meant to have a readily available pool of talent from the employees. Walmarts executives believe that while other retailers outsource a large part of their production process, Walmart wants to keep talent from within their company to fill vacancies as they arise. The fact that the company has leadership programs for their managers, supervisors, and line staff is establishment that they are commited t o assisting the employee develop, grow, and remain productive within the Walmart family. The companys Vice presidents feel that the people who have paid their dues, done the job, and prepared should be the ones getting the promotions within the company (Marquez, 2005).It is estimated that the human resource department at Walmart spends a large amount of time in the training, and maintaining, as well as preparing employees to embrace the best probability that comes their way. Since Walmart is worldwide they also believe that they are successful because of the consistent manner in which the associates are trained worldwide. Walmarts Human Resource Department has been working on preparing employees to work worldwide, in any environment by preparing them with the correct language, customs, and corporate requirements need to be a success in that area.Because Walmart wants to keep its competitive edge always sharp they also spend thousands of dollars in training their Human Resource Depa rtment in the latest hiring, and training practices in any agricultural where they operate. The Walmart corporation does not consider training for any employee to be just an internal issue. They educate themselves in what other companies are doing to make them successful.(Walmart, 2008)Organization Markets give birth Money. Live Better. This is the core of what Walmarts Marketing department uses to communicate to its customers every day. The yellow, happy smiling face is what Walmart uses to tell people about its lower prices. Marketing communication is a very important function of marketing. The product and services offered at Walmart would mean nothing if it werent communicating it through various media collateral, advertisements, internet, packaging, printed media, displays, and logos to name a few. The ultimate goal of marketing communications is to make sure that the shopping population thinks of Walmart as the best place to shop, the place where they will save money, and have a better life because of it.( more here)..Organizational Core CompetanciesA core competency simply stated is what a company does best. For Wal-Mart that means saturnine its operating costs, selling at a low price and still making a profit. Wal-Mart is a company that has taken what it does best, which is to deliver products at the lowest possible price, and incorporates it into their vision Low prices. Live better, and made it its competitive edge.Walmarts culture of hiring hardworking, and diligent, customer service oriented employees has paid off for the company. The founder, Sam Walton called his employees associates, and treated them like partners thus making them feel like they were valued and wanted. Walton belied in his associates input, and valued what they had to say about improvements, and how to make the store better additionally, he wanted his customers to know that no matter where his store was the customer would always receive the lowest prices and top notch customer service. .Low Cost Operations. Wal-Mart focus has always been on small rural towns. In 1962, the first store was in Rogers, Arkansas, and even then it cut prices so low, and drew customers away from its competitors the trend to do the same has continued throughout the last 50 years and in fact this is their mission statement in practice. As the US economy goes into slumps people look for lower, better prices, and Walmart has always been there to rescue the bargain shopper. Distribution. Walmart has a total of 42 regional distribution centers, and 1 transportation office in every one. Each distribution center is over one million square feet. The distribution centers handle a total of about 6,500 tractors with 55,000 trailers. These vehicles moved more than 5.5 billion cases of merchandise last year. There are also specific distribution centers for Sams clubs as well for groceries, jewelry, pharmaceuticals. The Walmart online also have their own distribution centers. They are all lo cated within a 250 mile radius of the stores they service, and most are open 24/7. The trucks deliver their loads, and most return within the same day, to start the process again the next day.( http//careers.walmart.com/distribution-and-transportation-opportunities)Strategic Planning for Organization and H.R. involvement.Charles Holley, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. executive vice president and CFO stated at the shareholders meeting in November, 2011. Our business model is built on our promise that Walmart customers can count on us to deliver low prices every day across a broad assortment, Holley explained. This in turn leads to customer loyalty and higher sales. These growth and leverage initiatives will contribute to our strong earnings growth. (Edgell Communications, 2011)In May, 2011, Wal-Mart President and CEO microphone Duke told its share holders that the next step for Walmart was to expand globally and market to the next generation customer. He also outlined a five-point program at the shareholders annual meeting that would help sell more products online and abroad, but keep cost down. Hoping to tap into those that carry smart phones and spend time on social media , his 5 point priority plan includesGrowth by adding customers, opening new stores and acquiring other retailers.Keeping costs low and passing the savings to customers. edifice a global Internet business.Developing talent, including a greater focus on women and minorities.Expanding the company sustainability effortOrganizational Development and Change InitiativesOrganizational Assesment ProcessesHuman Capital Assesment ProcessesTraining, Development and educationManagement and LeadershipSupervisoryTeam BuildingSales and MarketingCustomer ServiceSafety, Quality and TechnicalCareer Management and Development ProgramsSuccession Planning exercise ManagementRestructuring of the OrganizationJob Enlargement, Job EnrichmentPersonnel ServicesPayrollHRIS/ HRIMCompensation and Benefits and Pay for Performance EvidenceLegal Services How ProvidedOther Services by Function Financial Budgets and Contro, Bonus systems, etc.

Reflective Essay: Reflection Techniques and Incidents

Reflective Essay Reflection Techniques and IncidentsMohammed IslamReflective Report strategical PerspectivesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY-This paper will succeed a reflective analysis of personal experience from a MEGA learning exercise. The MEGA business semblance was under impartn by students from October 2014 to celestial latitude 2014. It consisted of eight official game weeks with an initial two weeks provided as a practice period. Students were given the opportunity to form classs in order to complete the hebdomadally strategic decisions within the simulation (see appendix). The report will incorporate relevant theories and concepts in relation to reflective analysis and discuss how reflective practice techniques sens be useful in analysing the Mega eruditeness team experience. Moreover, three critical incidents (positive or minus) which use up affected the team will be discussed.1.0 INTRODUCTION-Reflective writing is a regular topic of conversation within academic literature. Thi s is because the idea of reflection itself provides mingled benefits regardless of the context in which you decide to use it. By deciding to reflect on something an separate is able to look back at the scenario and analyse the seat. This provides the opportunity to determine what happened, why it happened and how it can be changed in the early if the scenario was repeated. Gibbs (1988) postulated that It is non sufficient simply to have an experience in order to learn. Without reflecting upon this experience it may quickly be forgotten, or its learning potence lost. It is from the feelings and thoughts emerging from this reflection that generalisations or concepts can be generated. And it is generalisations that allow rude(a) situations to be tackled effectively.Reflective writing enables an private to critically analyse a scenario and foreground experiences in a structured format. The writer is able to obtain further insights from a enjoin of perspectives including academi c literature and self-evaluation. By writing something down an individual has the opportunity to take into account further considerations and provide a deeper reflection of the experiences that have occurred (Schn, 1987). Thus, reflective writing will provide the ideal process in analysing the Mega Learning team experience.2.0 Reflective Practise Techniques2.1 CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE-The Critical Incident Technique was developed in 1954 by John Flanagan with the assistance of various other collaborators. The model of reflection which was originally designed for job analysis purposes is an ideal process in analysing the Mega Learning Team experience. It is suggested that the technique consists of a perform of procedures for collecting direct observations of human behaviour. This is make in such a way as to facilitate their potential usefulness in solving unimaginative problems and developing broad psychological principles (Flanagan, 1954 327). I feel the critical incident tech nique will provide a simple yet effective regularity in analysing the team performance within the Mega Learning simulation. Predominantly it will enable myself and others in the concourse to identify significant incidents whether positive or negative that occurred during the course of the simulation. By having the opportunity to reflect on the simulation through this process, individuals will be able to focus on particularised incidents and therefore critically analyse each situation. Thus, providing a deeper understanding and outlook on what situations occurred, why they occurred and how the scenario can provide a basis to learn from if the scenario where to repeat itself.2.2 LOGBOOK-The logbook/dairy provided group particles the opportunity to record weekly entries throughout the simulation (see appendix 1). This consisted of information regarding the discussions that took place in relation to the simulation and the weekly results. Group components kept a record of what was d iscussed, who was designated what role and what the scheme/action plan was. I feel the logbook will prove to be an essential and effective tool in analysing the Mega Learning Team experience. It provides a precise verification of a process and assists in reflection of past actions, thus ensuring better decisions can be made in future situations (Schon, 1987). Moreover, it allows students to identify specific critical incidents and refresh our memories on when it occurred and what exactly happened. It provides a source of evidence which cannot be altered or tampered with. Therefore, an individual could not possibly say a situation did or did not occur if it is not listed within this document. Furthermore, the logbook required group participation which provided the opportunity for team members to pass away with each other. By pickings part in the creation of the logbook, it will help me analyse the Mega Learning team experience more effectively.3.0 Group arrangementGroup formation consisted of individuals writing down personal strengths and weaknesses on a piece of paper. This was done in order to form groups of individuals who possess a range of strengths and characteristics. However, initial groups were formed through familiarity as students chose to work with good deal they knew or had frontly worked with. I chose to work with two other individuals who are studying the selfsame(prenominal) course as me because I knew how they operate. I wanted to achieve the best grade possible and I knew that the other two individuals would place maximum apparent movement into achieving this goal. The other team members were attracted through the use of the strengths and weaknesses technique. Our group were on the lookout for individuals with Finance and Human Resources as key skills in order to gain a competitive advantage within the simulation. After reflecting upon this, I feel the method of group formation was justified as there was mix of familiarity along with n ew additions. Through random selection of individuals you are not familiar with it is not guaranteed which type of individuals you will be working with. Therefore, you might have to work with people who do not intend to lend or place maximum effort into achieving the best grade. Conversely, you may also be placed with brilliant individuals who total a range of skills and maximum effort to the group.After initial struggles with clarity of individual roles within the team, specialist taxs were delegated to each member of the group. Each team member had a specific task which they had to complete every week. Myself and the rest of the group thought it would be best if everyone had their own task to focus on in order to achieve the best result within the simulation. After reflecting upon this, it is interesting to note that the delegation of roles links significantly to Dr Meredith Belbins (1981, 2012) team roles theory. By reflecting back at the scenario, I am amazed at how each indi vidual un-intentionally falls into specific categories of Belbins team roles. No method was used by our group to fill the delegation of tasks/individuals to the roles within Belbins theory.4.0 Critical Incident 1 (Negative to Positive)Initially, along with the other team members I was very annoyed. I felt that the individual was not attempting to contribute at all in completing the simulation. The team member did not provide any ideas or come to the meetings having looked at the following weeks results. They would just twin with the ideas of the rest of the group but have no opinion themselves. This persisted for a few weeks until I decided to say something to the team member in question.Moreover, I decided to take it upon myself to ask them to contribute more to the group and assist in completing the simulation. I took on the role of the leader and delegated a specific role to the individual and advised them not to be afraid to voice their opinion. This situation correlates with Tuckmans (1965) theory of performing team development model. It relates to the forming stage, which suggests that there is a mellow dependence on a individual to become a leader for attention and guidance (Tuckman, 1965). Furthermore, this stage highlights the lack of clarity of individual roles and reliance on a specific individual for direction (leader).After delegating the role to the individual the team member blossomed to be a vital part of the team. The individual came to meetings prepared with answers and solutions and started to voice a opinion rather than just agreeing with the rest of the group. After reflecting on this incident and how the outcome came to fruition I would change my access code in future. I would look to intervene as early as possible to reap the rewards of the individuals contribution at a earlier stage. This will provide significant benefits for team and individual morale and therefore increase productivity and improve the results of the simulation.5. 0 Critical Incident 2 (Negative)Initially, I did not mind taking a leading role within the simulation as I found it to be challenging. However, analysing the results and trying to decide the correct strategy became snip overwhelming as well as stressful. Other team members were providing opinions and suggesting changes but were doing so without looking at previous results. Thus, providing random solutions which does not follow a strategy and may not result in a positive outcome. After the team meetings I also had to finalise the changes and submit the final decision. At the time the incident occurred I was attempting to make a decision which was challenging, I was unsure on why certain negative results had been occurring. I over-reacted and decided to make my feelings which I had been holding back for a number of weeks clear to the rest of my group. This was done in a unprofessional and aggressive manner as it was a estrus of the moment response.After taking time to reflect upon t his and although my team members were over reliant on me, I should not have reacted in the manner I did. I was getting frustrated of having to complete the majority of the workload myself and at the moment in time was struggling to understand a certain feel of the simulation. However, I should have advised them of the way I feel in a considerate and professional manner. By doing this, I would have avoided the need for clash with the rest of the group. Through the use of Gibbs (1988) model for reflection (see fig 1), I have been able to reflect upon this incident and identify the things that I could have done differently. If the scenario arose again, I would approach the situation in a different manner to result in a positive outcome for the group. From this experience I have learnt that at times I can over-react or say something in a aggressive manner which may be taken in the rail at context by others.6.0 Critical Incident 3 (Negative)I was extremely frustrated when I agnized t hat someone had replicated my work and decided to complete the task that I was designated to do. Other members of the group all believed that they had completed the work which was delegated to them and the opposite person did the wrong task. This resulted in a group confrontation which caused friction betwixt the group. I was adamant that I completed the correct task and I made this very clear. However, after reflecting on the scenario I have come to get in that the delegation of roles was not clarified or done clearly, Thus, causing confusion between the team members about who is doing what task. Before actually looking at what was discussed and designated the previous week, all group members including myself decided to jump to conclusions and become defensive. The whole group were very vocal that they had completed the correct task and therefore had no intentions in finding out how this occurred or if a solution can be identified.Looking back at this, I should have tried to cont rol the situation instead of contributing to it and letting it get out of hand. By taking the time to reflect on this particular scenario I have come to realise that patience and understanding are key principles of effective team work. Everyone makes mistakes and by neutralising the situation a potential solution can be found in order to resolve the original issue. If I am faced with a similar situation again, I will look to my leadership skills to analyse and take control of the situation. This will allow me to turn a negative scenario into a positive outcome by providing a positive influence and sense of direction to the rest of my team members. Leadership is defined as being a process whereby one individual influences other group members towards the attainment of defined group and organisational goals (Barron Greenburg, 1990). Another definition of leadership is provided by Rollinson and Broadfield (2002) who postulates that leadership is a procedure that enables a leader and ot her members of a group interact in a way which provides the significant individual (leader) to influence the actions of the rest of the group in a non-coercive manner. Thus, directing the team towards the achievement of specific aims or objectives (Rollinson Broadfield, 2002).7.0 ConclusionIn conclusion the Mega Learning simulation has developed a range of transferable skills including effective teamwork, strategic development and implementation and also reflecting thinking. I have meliorate my ability to work as part of a team, taking into consideration other individuals strengths and weaknesses and using them as a basis to achieve positive outcomes. Moreover, I have significantly improved my communication skills throughout the process which will benefit me greatly in future organisational and team activities that I undertake. The experience of the Mega simulation correlates to Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984), the first three elements consist of Concrete Experience, Observations and Reflections and Abstract conceptualisation (development of ideas) (Kolb, 2014). The influences of my learning experience will assist me significantly in future scenarios and this relates to the fourth element of Active Experimentation (Kolb, 2014). The ability to learn from experiences is an important life skill which contribute to the shaping of a individual. David Kolb postulates that Learning is the process whereby association is created through the transformation of experience (Kolb, 1984, p. 38).8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHYBaron, R, A and Greenberg, J, (1990). behaviour in organisations understanding and managing the human side of work. Allyn and BaconBelbin, M, (2012). Management Team Why they succeed or fail. present moment edition. Routledge, 2012Belbin Associates. (2012).Belbin Team Roles.Available http//www.belbin.com/rte.asp?id=8. Last accessed 1st Feb 2015Buelens, M, Sinding, K., Waldstrom, C., Kreitner, R., and Kinicki, A. (2011) Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition McGrawHill Higher EducationFlanagan, J.C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4) 327358.Gibbs, G, (1988), Learning by Doing. A Guide to principle and Learning Methods. FEUKolb, D, A. (2014). Experiential learning Experience as the source of learning and development(Vol. 2). FT Press, 2014Kolb, D. A. (1984).Experiential learning Experience as the source of learning and development(Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ scholar-HallLuthans, F. (2011) Organisational Behaviour An Evidence-Based Approach, 12th Edition McGrawHillMcLeod, S, A. (2010) Kolb Learning Styles. Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/learning-kolb.htmlMcShane, S. L. and Von Glinow, M. A. (2012) Organisational Behaviour Emerging Knowledge, Global Reality, 6th Edition McGraw-HillRollinson, D Broadfield, A, (2002).Organisational Behaviour and Analysis An Integrated Approach. Financial Times Prentice Hall.Schn, DA, (1987),Educating the reflective practitioner, Jossey-Bass. San Francisco.Tuckman, B, (1965). Development sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin 63 384-399.APPENDIX 1 Log-book / DiaryThe aim of this is to give you guidance as to how to plan working together in your team for your first assignment.Develop an action plan by answering the following questionsWhat are we supposed to be doing?What action needs to be taken?By whom?What time scale?What support is needed from the rest of the team?What to do if a team member has a problem in completing his/her task?What to do with someone who will not do any work or will not work as part of the team?Time chartTeam Members a) NisbahMartaMohammedLucioJamesIf the following sheet is not enough please use additional notes on black page per week example is available on page 7(The titles of the columns will be explained in the lecture/seminars.)Reflective ReportPage 1

The Complexity of Arnold-Chiari Malformation :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Complexity of Arnold-Chiari Malformation To the medical doctor, Arnold-Chiari Malformation, which may invite a genetic link, is characterized by a grim or misshapen posterior fossa (the depression in the back of the skull), a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid pathways and a protrusion of the cerebellar tonsils through the bottom of the skull (foramen magnum) into the spinal canal resulting in a multitude of sensory-motor problems and even some autonomous malfunctions (1). These many symptoms can come in a variety of forms which often makes a clinical diagnosis difficult. To the patient this disorder can present not only physical difficulties but also psychological distress. Treatment options and their success rates vary widely, and proponents of the ca substance abuse are demanding more recognition, research, and success. The study of Arnold-Chiari malformations can lead to additional questions and new understandings about the I-function, sensory-motor input/ outturn paths and the general make-up of the brain and nervous system, but a complete understanding of the disorder may be a long time coming. loss and sometimes loss of motor throw of the body and its extremities is one of the many effects of this disorder. Patients may complain of headaches, neck pain, coughing, sneezing, dizziness, vertigo, disequilibrium, muscle weakness, balance problems, and loss of lovely motor control (1). The senses (hearing, sight, smell etc.) may also be affected in deleterious ways. On can have blurred vision, decreased mastermind of limbs, unable to locate them without looking, decreased sense of taste, ringing of the ears etc. (2). Two ideas about the nervous system that can be better understood from these observations are the concepts of having and locating the I-function. It seems that the I-function here is very often affected in terms of voluntary movement. A person with Arnold-Chiari malformation who has lost the feeling in and control of his arm for example wi ll not be able to move it even upon someones request and his or her own desire to do so. Some use of the I-function is definitely impaired. However, these observations do not seem to necessarily imply that some part of the I-function was damaged, because it may very well be located elsewhere- connections may have simply been lost. A person with Arnold-Chiari can still think and have a sense of self, but somehow can not connect with the diverse body parts that can be affected. Some uses and pathways of the I-function can be understood, but the exact location of it remains vague.

Ghibertis Baptistry Doors 3rd Set :: Essays Papers

Ghibertis face Doors 3rd Set The work of art that I chose to do my research paper on was Ghibertis 3rd set of Baptistry Doors. These doors ar known as The Gates of Paradise. The doors were commissioned in 1427 they were in the long run completed and installed in 1452 at the eastern entrance of the Baptistry of San Giovanni. The replication of the doors is determined in San Francisco, at Grace Cathedral. The doors consist of ten square panels, gilded together. Surrounding the panels are small heads, floral motifs, and niches that contain miniature statues of Prophets. Leonardo Bruni created the iconographic formula, interpreted from stories of the Old Testament. Ghiberti followed the plans and created 10 scenes ranging from the Creation of Adam and Eve to the reign of King Solomon. The nip left panel is the scene of the Creation, Temptation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve. The top right panel is the scene of Cain murdering Abel. The next panel is of Noah and the Flood then A braham sacrificing Isaac Jacob and Esau Joseph being sold into slavery by his brothers Moses receiving the Ten Commandments Joshua and the battle of Jericho David and Goliath and finally Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.All the panels were gilded in gold, giving them a uniform and seamless perspective. Ghiberti was a master of using perspective in his works. The attention to stop is apparent when you examine closely the sculpted figures in each panel. They all seem three-d. The way in which Ghiberti sculpted each figure, gives them a shadow against the reason which is key to the three-dimensional perspective of each figure. The way in which the panels were positioned on the doors is interesting. Instead of using smaller panels, which would allow for more scenes, Ghiberti chose to use large panels that are easy to see. The miniature figures and heads surrounding the ten panels is another interesting point. The full body figures are Prophets. There are 20 prophets surrounding the panels. Most liable(predicate) they were also taken from the Old Testament. Each of these prophets is in the motion of some type of action. Their action is probably what they were known for and why they became Prophets. Again, Ghiberti gives each a three-dimensional pose. He is past the old ways of symmetry and each figure looks realistic in pose.